It describes the involvement of certain factors like environmental conditions . For instance, some have declared that personality features toward life satisfaction are more important than domain satisfaction [21], while other researchers disagreed [22]. Roles Therefore, life satisfaction (LS) is the desired aim for both an individual and an organization. However, researchers proposed a Multi-Tiered System of Support for students: the first tier of the framework is the curriculum to promote mental health for all students. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2017.03.010, Yuen, M., Zhang, J., Man, P. K. W., Mak, J., Chung, Y. (2013). As stated, they drew primarily from Banduras social cognitive theory. According to Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), the prevalence of math and science within healthcare careers will decrease interest in this field for those lacking confidence and/or abilities in the aforementioned areas. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t004, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t005. First, they excluded duplicated research, studies that involved school students (i.e., young people before entering higher education) as participants, and qualitative studies. The present results are consistent with Lents [68] study, which confirmed the association between GP and DS, but not between GP and ESs. Certain events that take place during our lives may affect available choices for us and can even dictate choices to a certain degree. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research . doi: 10.1016/0001-8791(89)90020-1, Lent, R. W., Miller, M. J., Smith, P. E., Watford, B. Within that, it attempts to find the links between self-imposed influences and externally imposed influences such as the limitations people put upon themselves because of external influences. Career Assess. In summary, multiple forms of SCCT interventions need to be developed. Social Cognitive Theory The Social-Cognitive Perspective states that behavior is influenced by the interaction between people's traits and thinking and also their social environment and context. doi: 10.1177/1069072707305769, Lent, R. W., and Brown, S. D. (2013). In other words they will take what they need in order to match These results are discussed in the final section, in addition to limitations and implications for SCCT and healthcare . This inconsistency in previous findings reflects that personality traits are different in every culture and country. Results of previous research have led researchers to assume that career development is potentially linked to general views about life [10]. The two types of contextual variables contain elements that overlap with each other, such as family and other social factors, these factors contribute to an individual's academic and career performance differently at different stages. Self-e cacy is an important component in the social cognitive career theory . Lent and Brown [28] later extended SCCT to a satisfaction model. Youth Serv. These planned and unplanned learning moments . An alternative model was offered and then assessed. Lent and Brown [28] characterized life satisfaction as having trait-like features (p. 243). Furthermore, PTs have been shown to predict ESs [44]. Penn, L. T., and Lent, R. W. (2019). J. Extraversion and neuroticism may influence people's interpretation of how they deal with past decisions (Penn and Lent, 2019). Nevertheless, the extent of the theoretical constructs of SCCT in predicting life satisfaction among university students is inadequate. SCCT emphasizes the relevance of learning experiences, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations in the career development process, and is based on . The role of personality and learning experiences in social cognitive career theory. Kelly [27] found that ESs are unique contributors to OEs. The basic building blocks of their model are: Both self-efficacy and outcomes expectations are closely linked. In the case of insufficient data for conducting a moderator inspection, the particular association was omitted [103]. An important subject is then the selection among fixed or random-effects models. Growing transnational embeddedness and interdependence are placing a premium on . Internet Intervent. Lent et al. Career Assess. 60, 557568. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2009.10.015, Silva, A. D., Coelho, P., and Taveira, M. C. (2017). By doing so, SCCT attempts to create an integrated framework that overcomes the limitations of traditional theory that separates psychological, social, and economic factors. What kinds of different goals are there and is the model always applicable? 39, 144151. In this, SCCT is very close to Banduras theory. Conceptualise and evaluate career education programmes amongst many other things, these programmes can help re-adjust young peoples self efficacy beliefs and preserve discarded occupational or educational choices as future options. PTs can influence peoples life satisfaction [38]. However, these interventions must be offered very cautiously because particular features of well-being (e.g., life satisfaction) may be more changeable and vulnerable to nonpersonality effects than the present study and other studies assumed [108]. Meta-analysis cannot replace focused empirical research in addition to it could not adopt the full complexity of interrelationships between constructs [106, 109]. These constructive activities form a cycle of adaptation that is periodically repeated as new transitions appear on the horizon. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. The theory presented by John D. Krumboltz, who is an established career theorist, known as Career decision making, social learning theory explains how educational and occupational skills are required for the selection of a career (Krumboltz et al., 1976). DW and HD modified the manuscript. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-3710.2002.02.015, McWhirter, E. H., Rojas-Araz, B. O., Ortega, R., Combs, D., Cendejas, C., and McWhirter, B. T. (2019). It has recently been extended to work and education satisfaction. Among them, the background contextual affordance helps individuals to form interests and self-perceptions, while contextual influences play a role in the career decisions (Lent et al., 1994). 116-117). By means of the self system, individuals exercise control over their thoughts, feelings, and actions. (3) Context: To assess critical environmental characteristics that can aid or impede selection, such as contextual supports, contextual barriers, and factors related to the selection. Along with longitudinal research [107], experimental studies could offer a welcome addition to the literature. From this standpoint, it is important to examine how students experience concomitant successes and failures at the university-to-work shift. doi: 10.1177/0894845319832973. Study findings showed that students personality traits can predict life satisfaction among university students. Pan, L., and Sun, L. (2018). You can help correct errors and omissions. Silva et al. J. The constructs included in this meta-analysis are limited to constructs for which appropriate data are accessible. Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Roles SE beliefs to some extent, but not critically, are seen as inspiring students to take on gradually challenging tasks for which success is possible [100]. As specified by Kline [92], the model suggested an unsuitable fit for the model. To date, LS of individuals, particularly university students, continues to be diminished in the career-related literature. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.g002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t001. The request must be made through the institutional email address so that she can verify it. A SCCT-based career education curriculum was designed for rural high school students which positively affected their career information about postsecondary planning and career exploration, and their planning for futures (Gibbons et al., 2019). Self-efficacy is a mediating variable in the model and is also an important concept in SCCT. The sixteen studies that achieved the inclusion criteria were evaluated individually by two researchers for methodology characteristic by the Quality Assessment and Validity Tool for Correlational Studies (QAVTCS) [67]. Therefore, the present study investigates how these can affect students life satisfaction. Scholars highlighted the vitality of examining the initial phase of career development because it is an important stage when PTs and career SE are founded [49]. Development of Basic Career Interests over Time (Lent, et al., 1994, p. 88): Using the same colour coding, the model below highlights cognitive and behavioural influences during childhood and adolescence. According to Borenstein [83], the random-effects model permits that the true effect size may differ from study to study (normally distributed). Concerned with important human social behaviors. J. No, Is the Subject Area "Database searching" applicable to this article? The expression of a primary choice to enter a field of work or study, Taking actions to implement ones goal (e.g. The meta-analysis of Klug and Maier [43] revealed a strong connection between GP and satisfaction in a particular domain. GP represents a third type of cognitive variable. TRUE In career counseling, it is best to choose one specific theory and use it exclusively in your work with clients. The SCCT has good applicability in school career education guidance and provides a comprehensive framework for explaining and predicting career development (Lent and Brown, 2019). Behav. This study found similar results with Lents [45] study that showed PTs as affective dispositions and dynamic traits, which continually interacted with ESs. As revealed in Fig 4, ESs were significant in justifying the proportion of SE ( = .226, p-value = 0.000). Its not my intention to give full information or an extensive discussion on every theory. The study showed that personality affects career interest directly and indirectly through career learning experiences and self-efficacy. Future studies need to consider different cultural contexts when applying the SCCT model. This is in line with Lent and Brown [28], whereby ESs help SE to shape ones adaptive career behavior (e.g., by helping to regulate skill use and help persistence). The key notion has been that though career choice actions are performed through the lifetime, the concepts are most noticeable through the late teenage years and early adulthood when people are planning to join the workforce [14]. Yes The elements that are providing satisfaction, according to SCCT, overlap with those of the other models. These interrelationships require to be addressed in prospective studies. SCCT helps immigrant high school students to prevent dropouts, promote academic success, and foster college and career readiness through a combination of academic support and increased critical consciousness (McWhirter et al., 2019). They have to study other factors that account for variance in life satisfaction beyond that explained by the SCCT antecedents. 91, 92): The underlying premise to the theory is that we are interested in doing something that we perceive were good at and that were more likely to practice and become good at something were really interested in. This confirmed Lents [44] study of the non-significant association between OEs and DS. Res. The relationship strength between SCCT constructs was low to medium, with an effect size ranging from .150 to .647. In this regard, previous research has emphasized that career development experience is a vital source to facilitate university students from their unclear future, tackle unfavorable working situations, and therefore increase their life satisfaction [5]. 1) between personal factors, behavioral patterns, and environmental events (Bussey and Bandura 1999, p. 685): J. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eme:mrr000:mrr-01-2021-0026.See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.. For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract . Through the studies, life satisfaction had a low correlation with GP (r+ = .291). Instead, it is, more modestly, to consider the cross-cultural applicability of social cognitive career theory (SCCT), a general theory of career development designed to lend itself to culture-specific tests and modifications (Lent et al., 1994). Thus, they warned academics to utilize domain-specific measures in any examinations of extended SCCT. When a clients aptitudes are excellent for a certain path but the client shows little interest, outcome expectations may be at the basis of this which may be resolved by exploring with the client. As a multistage and leading career model, the social cognitive career theory (SCCT) [ 14] has revealed to be comprehensive in explaining the distinctive career development practices of different people [ 15 - 18 ]. related goals. Barnard, S., Deyzel, L., Adams, C., Fouche, C., and Kruger, L. (2008). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 22, 100349. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2020.100349. The Social Learning Theory of Career Development (SLTCD) Krumboltz developed attempts to explain why people make the career decisions they make. The authors investigated the websites of well-known journals with a history of releasing higher education and career studies. Their study supported the notion that life satisfaction and DS are related constructs. This model offered better fit indices: CMIN/DF = 3102.582, p < 0.01, IFI = 0.903, CFI = 0.903, NFI = .904, GFI = .907, and RMSEA = 0.078. For simplicity, there are 3 components to choice making (Lent, 2013, p. 123): The choice process is in turn influenced by the individuals environment. The sample size (n) of every study and the observed association of SCCT variables were gathered to execute the meta-analytic path analysis. Furthermore, the researchers managed to conduct heterogeneity tests of effect sizes through their studies, such as 95% confidence interval (CI), Cochran's Q statistic, and I2 statistic [87]. In terms of sequencing the assessment, it may be careful to collect decision-making process and contextual information either prior to or along with content data, as a rush to evaluate interests may ignore personal or contextual factors affecting responses to the assessment instrument, the understanding of results, or the willing to engage in exploration or to make a decision (Lent and Brown, 2020). Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. & Hackett, Gail. Explains how people use society and the opinions of others, to seek verification of their thoughts, beliefs and opinions (Bandura, 2001). Methodology, Developing and evaluating the effectiveness of mobile phone-based career intervention for career competencies of Malaysian public managers: protocol for a mixed method study. Many career theories, such as Social Learning and Social Cognitive Career Theory address this context, along with many other factors. Finally, researchers are hoped to develop diversified intervention methods for SCCT so that students with different needs all can obtain career development. Most of the external influences are interpreted according to the receiver based on what meaning can be conferred from them. It incorporates Banduras triadic reciprocal model of causality. Behav. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2013.02.006, Long, L. R., Fang, L. L., and Li, Y. It developed into the SCT in 1986 and posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior. One of the common exam questions is to evaluate a theory. A random-effects meta-analysis of zero-order correlations observed the results of 16 studies (20 samples, n = 7,967), and associations among the SCCT variables were examined by using a meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) according to a pooled correlation matrix. Accumulated an impressive research record. Once it clicks in your mind its not too difficult to understand I think. What strengths does it offer over and above these and what aspects are part of SCCT that are not part of the other theories I listed? The present study provided an organized theory-driven analysis of the studies on SCCT as a path to those embarking on future studies and developing theoretical descriptions. Among the career theories, Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) first added contextual factors to the original model (Lent et al., 1994). Apart from thinking about SCCTs performance against Browns criteria, have a look at and think about the following questions: There are also good sources for a critique of SCCT in some of the links below. Career development theories. ), outcome expectations (what will happen if I do this?) Data were obtained by a predesigned protocol that was based on the Joanna Briggs Institute [65] and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) regulations [66]. Res. Is occupational planning always goal orientated? The structural model showed that PTs ( = .333, p-value = 0.000) were positively associated with SE. In: Brown, S.D. Built on this studys criteria, sixteen studies (20 samples) in the datasets that met the inclusion criteria provided a total of 7,967 respondents. FALSE 115, 103316. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2019.06.004, Lent, R. W., and Brown, S. D. (2020). Sheldon and Kassers [34] study supported the relationship between perceived GP and satisfaction. Some researchers conducted a quantitative assessment method by Career Decision Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Miles and Naidoo, 2016; Glessner et al., 2017). B., Lee, Q. Social cognitive career theory initially included three interrelated models: the career interest development model, the choice-making model, and the career performance and persistence model ( Lent et al., 1994 ), and was later expanded to include two additional models, one focusing on satisfaction and well-being model in educational and 4. The boundaryless career model, characterized by complexity, non-linearity, and unpredictability, emphasizes the influence of the environment on individuals. Although limited studies have examined the relationships between PTs and the vocational and career constructs [50], it is still difficult to illustrate strong deductions regarding the effects of PTs due to the use of varying scales. Thus, this study aims to test SCCT and how it can predict the life satisfaction of university students by using meta-analytic path analysis. Based on the framework of SCCT, the researcher summarized the techniques and methods of career interventions, which mainly include expanding choice options, coping with barriers, building support, goal setting and self-regulation, facilitating work performance, and promoting work satisfaction (Lent, 2013). Citation: Mohd Rasdi R, Ahrari S (2020) The applicability of social cognitive career theory in predicting life satisfaction of university students: A meta-analytic path analysis. 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