Contemporary anti-colonialists place much emphasis on the acknowledgement of cultural diversity, and Bolivar certainly took it into account when deciding what the best political path for a nation is. Download date: August 25th, 2018. In imitation of the British House of Lords, Bolivar proposed a hereditary Senate. A depiction of the Congress of Ccuta (1821). He thus anticipated these objections, by trying to assure the audience that a hereditary Senate would not be aristocratic: In no manner whatever would the creation of a hereditary senate be a violation of political equality; it is not a nobility I wish to establish, because that, as has been said by a celebrated republican, would be to destroy at once equality and liberty. Bolivar was decidedly on the abolitionist side, and this speaks very well of his moral character. New York: McMillan. In the midst of the battles for independence, Bolvar summoned a congress in the city of Angostura to reassert New Granadas autonomy and to install a political system that he believed would be capable of sustaining a new republic. In Simon Bolivar's Message to the Congress of Angostura, he states that Latin American people deserve their independence. Bolivar, S. 1830. Neoliberal Hegemony and the Pink Tide in Latin America. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 47 (1): 7482. Bolivar makes a sophistic gap that leaves careful readers perplexed. The Bourbon reforms sought to change that, and they succeeded in doing so. Document #2: "Address at the Congress of Angostura," Simn Bolvar (1819) Travels in Colonial Latin America; Discussion Questions; Further Reading; Chapter 3. 7482. Prof. Arkenberg has modernized the text. It met from February 15, 1819, established the new independent-from-Spain nation on December 17, was interrupted by further independentist activity, and reconvened on July 31, 1821, when . Armed Trading Weaponry on trade ships. Ambition and intrigue abuses the credulity and experience of men lacking all political, economic, and civic knowledge; they adopt pure illusion as reality; they take license for liberty, treachery for patriotism, and vengeance for justice. Addressing the Congress of Angostura, 1819 [Bolvar addresses the Congress of Angostura. However, given that the rest of Venezuela was still controlled by Spanish authorities, only a few provinces could send delegates. Caballero, M. 2006. Bolivar, S. 1819. . . Bolvar had the objective of emerging a plan of governance as he lays out his understanding of the independence movement and his belief on how the future of Latin American nations should be legally structured. It is no speculation to argue that he was legitimately worried by the prospect that the emerging nations would not have a sufficiently defined national identity for viable political institutions. Scanned by J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. But, even in the Angostura Address itself, Bolivar seemed to be very enthusiastic about strong governments with little distribution of power, as this passage makes clear: The Roman Constitution brought about the greatest power and fortune that any people on earth have enjoyed. Levenes thesis is only half true. An Address of Bolvar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819). But then, mysteriously, Bolivar argues that those very advantages are a good reason why a republican president should be endowed with greater power than a constitutional prince (Bolivar 1819). Again, Bolivar never answers. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 47, no. Retrieved from: http://www.archivodellibertador.gob.ve/escritos/buscador/spip.php?article9987. Of course, it would be fallacious to accuse Bolivar of being authoritarian, just because he had authoritarian sympathizers. Bolivar, S. 1826. We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition. This argument is hard to follow. Helg, A. Madrid: Espasa Calpe. Thus our position is most extraordinary and complicated. Bolivar was given some military assignments in defending the Venezuelan Republic against loyalists of the Spanish monarchy. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade G and Lugo-Ocando J, The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading (2018) 47 Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 74 DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, Gabriel, and Jairo Lugo-Ocando. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X03006849. For, of all Enlightenment thinkers, Rousseau is typically considered to be somewhat of an outsider, even a pioneer of the Counter-Enlightenment. 1974. That same year, Bolivar would head towards the Venezuelan plains, assemble an army of llaneros who now supported the Republican Cause- and European mercenaries. However, he implores his audience of 26 representatives to take into account social realities of the former Viceroyalty when writing a new constitution. He was a spirited combatant of monarchies, yet he insisted on being president for life (i.e., a king without a crown). El culto a Bolivar: Esbozo para un estudio de la historia de las ideas en Venezuela. New York: Springer. Precisely because no form of government is so weak as the democratic, its framework must be firmer, and its institutions must be studied to determine their degree of stability.unless this is done, we will have to reckon with an ungovernable, tumultuous, and anarchic society, not with a social order where happiness, peace, and justice prevail. After some military action in New Grenada (modern-day Colombia), Bolivar returned to Venezuela in 1812 and after a remarkable series of military triumphs he managed to recapture the capital Caracas (Lopez and Lopez 1999). Venezuela: The Perils of Prosperity, Document #23: Address to the United Nations, Hugo Chvez (2006), Document #22: Pact of Punto Fijo, Accin Democrtica, COPEI and Unin Republicana Democrtica (1958), Chapter 9. He genuinely emancipated slaves, yet was extremely afraid of a takeover by pardos and all the savage hordes from Africa and America who roam like wild deer in the wilderness of Colombia (Bolivar 1821). However, as we will argue in this paper, it is precisely due to the nationalist distortions that are likely to occur around the nature and context of the Angostura delivery that calls for a more critical reading of the document. His success, however, would again be short-lived, as in 1830 Gran Colombia ruptured into its three original constituent countries, and Bolivar would have to march into exile and died on his way in in the city of Santa Marta, before he could make it to Europe. Wittfogel, K. 1953. For, his intellectual and political legacy is a mixed bag. Oxford University Press. The whole purpose of the Angostura Congress was precisely for Bolivar to renounce power as dictator and give it back to the constituency. What republic has exceeded in duration those of Sparta and Venice? He was moved towards abolitionism by Haitian President Alexandre Petion, who offered him military support in exchange of the attempt to abolish slavery from liberated territories. Blanchard, P. 2008. Lpez, J and Lopez, J. Andrade G, Lugo-Ocando J. The facts that the year 2019 will mark the 200th anniversary of Bolivars Angostura Address, is perhaps a neat opportunity to correct this and perhaps fill some of the gaps of a story that in the light of the Venezuelas crisis of today has become ever so more relevant in our days. The governments, however, of those nations, were either aristocratic or monarchical (Bolivar 1819). The ruling bureaucracy of Oriental despotism: A phenomenon that paralyzed Marx. The Review of Politics, 15(3): 350359. The executive power, consisting of two consuls, had the same flaw as Sparta. In that Constitution, it was made clear that Spain would have equal citizens on both sides of the Atlantic. In China they do not send for their mandarins, military, and literati to the country of Genghis Khan, who conquered them, even though the present race of Chinese are direct descendants of the tribes subjugated by the ancestors of the present Tartars. Indeed, despite his strong criticisms of Spanish imperialism he seemed to acknowledge that Spanish rule offered an important degree of stability and unity while independence could bring instead disunity and possible chaos amongst the emerging nations: The separation of America from the Spanish Monarchy resembles the state of the Roman Empire, when that enormous structure fell to pieces in the midst of the ancient world (Bolivar 1819). Again, Bolivar was certainly a big critic of Spanish imperialism, but he did not seem to mind other empires. from the original Spanish by Francisco Javier Ynes) by Bolvar, Simn, 1783-1830; Ynes, Francisco Javier, 1861-1924; Venezuela . Our piece is an opportunity to challenge future attempts by the Venezuelan government with its self-proclaimed Bolivarian Revolution- to expand the uncritical hero-worship of Simon Bolivars memory as an instrument of self-national aggrandizement.1. Latin America in the World Arena, 1990s - Present. This was by far the most important motive in the struggle for independence amongst the criollo elite, and throughout his writings, Bolivar makes very clear how important this issue is for him. Being just 21 years old in 1805 and after losing his wife just years earlier, he went to tour Europe. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. An address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819) Reprint ordered by the government of the United States of Venezuela, to commemorate the centennial of the opening of the Congress (tr. The conspiracy against Miranda July 31, 1812. Dilogos Revista Electrnica de Historia, 16(2): 219267. Its culminating piece of legislation was the Venezuelan Constitution of 1819, officially adopted on August 15, but quickly made obsolete by the creation of the Republic of Colombia on December 17, 1819. Castro, P. 2007. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/267/26702702.pdf. My sword, and the swords of my illustrious comrades-in-arms, will protect its solemn authority. Leiva, L. 1985. A political upheaval that took place between 1765 ad 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America. Precisely because no form of government is so weak as the democratic, its framework must be firmer, and its institutions must be studied to determine their degree of stabilityunless this is done, we will have to reckon with an ungovernable, tumultuous, and anarchic society, not with a social order where happiness, peace, and justice prevail. Simn Bolvar, el culto heroico y la nacin. Hispanic American Historical Review, 107145. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, G., & Lugo-Ocando, J. . Indeed, in the 18th Century, a series of reforms began to be undertaken by the new Spanish ruling dynasty, the Bourbons. 2010. What state is more powerful than Great Britain? Chodor, T. 2014. Pablo Morillo and Venezuela, 18151820. Roberts, P. 2012. He is the head of government, but his ministers and subordinates rely more upon law than upon his authority, as they are personally responsible; and not even decrees of royal authority can exempt them from this responsibility. Be as it may, however, the Constitution of Bolivia of 1826 proved to be his outdoing. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. Bolivar's speaking style reflected the values of his epoch. This would become a perennial feature amongst many Latin American caudillos ever since and something that would dominate most of the regions politics and society for the next century (Castro 2007). Although never formally educated in universities, Bolivar was a self-taught man and had at least two illustrious tutors who were the arguably the leading intellectuals of the region at the time; Simon Rodriguez and Andres Bello. In the Angostura Address, Bolivar, typical in his style, praises North American society over and over again: Our legislators were influenced by the provincials, and were carried away by the dazzling appearance of North Americas happiness, thinking that the blessings she enjoyed were owed exclusively to the form of government, and not to the character of the people (Bolivar 1819). ; I am even aware, thanks to Montesquieu, that one can be a Persian. Simn Bolvar: Liberation and Disappointment. They went from being controlled by oversea nations to being independent nations. In a sense, Bolivars approach is anti-colonial (let us remember that many aspects of colonialism itself were modeled on the universalism of the Enlightenment), inasmuch as he advises colonized peoples not to necessarily copy Eurocentric models. If he attempts to infringe upon the law, his own ministers will desert him, thereby isolating him from the Republic, and they will even bring charges against him in the Senate. of History, Cal. Framing Pan-Americanism: Simn Bolvars Findings. CR: The New Centennial Review. Bolivar was certainly the foremost figure that synthetized formal political thought, constitutional doctrine, and revolutionary action. In 1817, Bolivar captured the city of Angostura (now Ciudad Bolivar) and the whole of Guayana, and established it as his center of military operations. To a certain extent, this implied moving away from its African roots, and some authors made it explicit that, in order to be more civilized, Spain should be less African (Shubert 1999: 2). The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. Government posts were bought and sold, thus being filled by grossly incompetent administrators. Bolivar, a man of the Enlightenment himself, continued this trope, by presenting the Turks, Persians and Chinese, as despotic peoples. The enforcement of public morality has repeatedly been associated with authoritarian regimes. The Spanish Crown would no longer trust local administrators. But, in the Angostura Address, he clearly mistrusts democracy, as it seems to cripple the strength of a nation: But what democratic government was ever able to unite power, prosperity and permanency at the same time? But, as for Man, I declare that I have never met him in my life. No matter what citizen occupies this office, he will be aided by the Constitution, and therein being authorized to do good, he can do no harm, because his ministers will cooperate with him only insofar as he abides by the law. 2015. Please try again in 48 hours. But there is more. The Lycurgus legislature produced glory, virtue, morality and therefore national happiness (Bolivar 1819). 2004. . "An assembly of tried and illustrious men, the Congress of Angostura, responded to the important requirements of the revolution, and when it gave birth to . Bolivar was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 47(1), pp.7482. Once again, Bolivar had to flee. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500001534, Andrade, G. and Lugo-Ocando, J., 2018. We all owe it our obedience and loyalty. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. The people are more easily deceived than is Nature perfected by art; and although these senators, it is true, would not be bred in an environment that is all virtue, it is equally true that they would be raised in an atmosphere of enlightened education. What government is more ancient than that of China? There are some accounts that suggest instead that Bolivar may have been genuinely concerned with perpetual dictators at first (Harwich 2001). Bolivar was fully aware that whoever takes on the responsibility of demolishing an ancient order, must also immediately come up with ideas for a new one. These leaders assumed the role of dictators while rhetorically expressing their reluctance to do so. It would be even more difficult for the laws of North America to be adopted in Venezuela. Venezuelans were by no means unanimous in their desire to be independent and consequently a bloody civil war began. Lynch, J. Chile: Repression and Democracy, A Voyage from the United States to South America, Thomas Bennett (1821), Document #28: Final Speech, Salvador Allende (1973), Document #29: Military Decrees on Seizing Power, Augusto Pinochet (1973), Document #30: Inaugural Address, Michelle Bachelet (2006), A Romanticism of Slavery and the Plantation Economy, Casa Grande e Senzala and the Formation of a New Brazilian Identity, Amnesty, Amnesia, and Moral Reparations in Brazil, Exploracin oficial por la primera vez desde el norte de la America del SurViaje a Rio de Janeiro, Francisco Michelena y Rojas (1867), Document #31: On Slavery in Brazil, Thomas Ewbank (1856), Document #32: State Department Telegram to Ambassador Lincoln Gordon (1964), Document #33: Letter to Pope Paul VI, Marcos Sattamini Pena de Arruda (1971), Document #34: Speech of the President of the Republic in the ceremony installing the Truth Commission, Dilma Rousseff (2012), Chapter 12. He ardently defended freedoms, yet he believed that South American nations were not fully prepared for liberal systems. 1999. The Enlightenment did not reach Spain with the same force as it did in France or Great Britain. The British executive power possesses all the authority properly appertaining to a sovereign, but a triple line of dams, barriers, and stockades surrounds him. Strategies for Economic Development, Moments and Events in Latin American Economic Development, Document #35: Testimony before Congress on the Goals of NAFTA and Preliminary Evaluation, C. Fred Bergsten (1997), Document #36: NAFTA Equals Death, Say Peasant Farmers, Diego Cevalos (2002), Chapter 13. This time, he wandered throughout the Caribbean. Devoted to the government because of a natural interest in its own preservation, a hereditary senate would always oppose any attempt on the part of the people to infringe upon the jurisdiction and authority of their magistrates . Bolivars authoritarian turn came later in his political career, well after independence was sealed. Throughout many of his private writings, Bolivar expressed enormous concerns about pardocracia, the takeover by pardos. Give Venezuela such an executive power in the person of a president chosen by the people or their representatives, and you will have taken a great step toward national happiness. During the Second National Congress of Angostura on February 15, 1819 Bolivar stood and gave an address that would form its own place in history. He first settled in Jamaica, and then in Haiti. Under the leadership of the Libertador Simn Bolvar, revolutionary forces repeatedly fought off Spanish attempts to regain control of the region until Bolvar decisively expelled Spanish forces at the battle of Ayacucho in 1824. Mindlessly appropriating the constitutions of other nations, he argued, would lead to Gran Colombias demise. Its culminating piece of legislation was the Venezuelan Constitution of 1819, officially adopted on August 15, but quickly made obsolete by the creation of the Republic of Colombia on December 17, 1819. Latin America in the World Arena, 1800s-1980s, Moments and Events in U.S.-Latin American Relations (1800s-1980s), A History of United States Policy Towards Haiti, Document #46: Human Rights in Latin America: An Interview with Paulo Srgio Pinherio, Luis Muoz Martin: Founding Father of Modern Puerto Rico, Document #37: Monroe Doctrine, James Monroe (1823), Document #38 Abraham Lincoln on the Mexican-American War (1846-48), Document #39: Roosevelt Corollary, Theodore Roosevelt (1904), Document #40: Brazil, the United States and Pan Americanism, Document #35: United Fruit Co., Pablo Neruda (1950), Document #41: Address at a White House Reception for Members of Congress and for the Diplomatic Corps of the Latin American Republics, John F. Kennedy (1961), Chapter 16. That is the goal of this article. During Habsburg times, a great deal of contraband went on, but with the arrival of the Bourbons, economic regulations were severely tightened and enforced. The ministers, being responsible for any transgressions committed, will actually govern, since they must account for their actions. Download date: August 25th, 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XIXA/bolivar/bolivia.htm. The Andes: Soldiers, Oligarchs, and Indians, Memories of Violence, Peace, and Justice in Peru, Across Patagonia, Lady Florence Dixie (1881), Document #18: Pulacyo Theses, The Union Federation of Bolivian Mineworkers (1946), Document #19: Law of the Rights of Mother Earth, Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia (2010), Chapter 7. Scanned by: J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. All three sources reveal patriotic feelings and attitudes towards their own countries. A strongly rooted force can only correct this weakness. The will of the Grand Sultan, the Khan, the Bey, and other despotic sovereigns, is the supreme law, and it is arbitrarily executed by the pashas and inferior governors in Turkey and Persia, where the system of oppression is completely organized, and is submitted to by the people because of the authority from which it emanates. Yale University Press. He is directly subject to the legislative body, the senate, and the people: he is the one man who resists the combined pressure of the opinions, interests, and passions of the social state and who, as Carnot states, does little more than struggle constantly with the urge to dominate and the desire to escape domination. CiteSeerX Address to the Congress at Angostura CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): The idea never entered into my head to consider as identical the characteristics of two peoples as different as the Anglo-American and the Spanish-American. El caudillismo en Amrica Latina, ayer y hoy. Paredes Muante, J. Reprint ed., Washington, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919. Discussion Questions; Further Readings; Honduras: A Country and a Coup Silencios y disputas en la historia de Hispanoamerica. Liberty has been its cradle, it has grown up in liberty, and it is maintained by pure liberty. But, this second Venezuelan Republic would also prove to be short-lived. 1. Furthermore, by 1814, Napoleons troops retreated from Spain, and Ferdinand VII returned to power. Carrera Damas, G. 2003. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. Caracas: Monte Avila Editores. He would lead them cross the Andes chain of mountains in modern-day Colombia towards a surprise attack on the capital, Bogota. As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny . Bolivar insists that, in monarchies, the executive power becomes too powerful, as it enjoys too many advantages. After Spains humiliating defeat in the Seven Years War, Charles III understood the necessity to cleanse the corrupt and inefficient administration of the Spanish Empire. the Liberator Simn Bolvar's address to the Congress of Angostura, 200 years after the delivery of this monumental work. The United States had just solidified their. He was a staunch anti-colonialist when it came to Spanish America; but he had high praises for the Roman imperial ethos, he seemed content with the British imperialism of his day, and he repeated many of the tropes typical of 19th Century colonialist thinking. http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226016191.001.0001, http://www.archivodellibertador.gob.ve/escritos/buscador/spip.php?article9987, http://www.archivodellibertador.gob.ve/escritos/buscador/spip.php?article10971, https://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XIXA/bolivar/bolivia.htm, https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Carta_de_Bol%C3%ADvar_al_general_Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Flores_(1830), http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/267/26702702.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X03006849, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500001534. Account for their actions has repeatedly been associated with authoritarian regimes attitudes towards their own countries, no Rousseau... 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